Thin continuous polymeric material
Plastic, see
Not to be confused with films titled, see Plastic (disambiguation)
6 mil polyethylene plastic sheet as vapor barrier in construction
Confectionery packaging made of PLA-blend bio-flex bioplastic
Plastic film is a thin continuous polymeric material. Thicker plastic material is often called a "sheet". These thin plastic membranes are used to separate areas or volumes, to hold items, to act as barriers, or as printable surfaces.
Plastic films are used in a wide variety of applications. These include: packaging, plastic bags, labels, building construction, landscaping, electrical fabrication, photographic film, film stock for movies, video tape, etc.
Materials
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Almost all plastics can be formed into a thin film. Some of the primary ones are:
Processes
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A tube of extruded film being blown to expand
Plastic films are usually thermoplastics and are formed by melting for forming the film.[2]
- Cast – Plastics extrusion can cast film which is cooled or quenched then wound up on a roll.
- Extruded film can be stretched, thinned, or oriented in one or two directions. Blown or tubular process forces air into an extruded ring to expand the film. Flat tenter frames stretch the extruded film before annealing.[3][4]
- Calender rolls can be used to form film from hot polymers[5]
- Solution deposition is another film forming process.
- Skiving is used to scrape off a film from a solid core (sometimes used to make PTFE thread seal tape)
- Coextrusion involves extruding two or more layers of dissimilar polymers into a single film
- Lamination combines two or more films (or other materials) into a sandwich.[6]
- Extrusion coating is used to form a film onto another film or substrate
Further processing
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Plastic films are typically formed into rolls by roll slitting. Often additional coating or printing operations are also used. Films can be modified by physical vapor deposition to make metallised films. Films can be subjected to corona treatment or plasma processing; films can have release agents applied as needed.
See also
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References
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- D882 – Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting
- D1004 – Standard Test Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) of Plastic Film and Sheeting
- D1204 – Standard Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes of Nonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at Elevated Temperature
- D1593 – Standard Specification for Nonrigid Vinyl Chloride Plastic Film and Sheeting
- D1709 – Standard Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by the Free Falling Dart Method
- D1894 – Standard Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting
- D1922 – Standard Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum Method
- D1938 – Standard Test Method for Tear Propagation Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by a Single Tear Method
- D2103 – Standard Specification for Polyethylene Film and Sheeting
- D2582 – Standard Test Method for Puncture Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting
- D2673 – Standard Specification for Oriented Polypropylene Film
- D2732 – Standard Test Method for Unrestrained Linear Thermal Shrinkage of Plastic Film and Sheeting
- D2838 -Standard Test Method for Shrink Tension and Orientation Release Stress of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting
- D2923 – Standard Test Method for Rigidity of Polyolefin Film and Sheeting
- D3420 – Standard Test Method for Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastic Film
- D3595 – Standard Specification for Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) Extruded Plastic Sheet and Film
- D3664 – Standard Specification for Biaxially Oriented Polymeric Resin Film for Capacitors in Electrical Equipment
- D3985 – Standard Test Method for Oxygen Gas Transmission Rate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Coulometric Sensor
- D4321 – Standard Test Method for Package Yield of Plastic Film
- D5047 – Standard Specification for Polyethylene Terephthalate Film and Sheeting
- D6287 – Standard Practice for Cutting Film and Sheeting Test Specimens
- D6988 – Standard Guide for Determination of Thickness of Plastic Film Test Specimens
- D8136 - Standard Test Method for Determining Plastic Film Thickness and Thickness Variability Using a Non-Contact Capacitance Thickness Gauge
- E1870 – Standard Test Method for Odor and Taste Transfer from Polymeric Packaging Film
- F2029- Standard Practices for Making Heatseals for Determination of Heatsealability of Flexible Webs as Measured by Seal Strength
- F2622 – Standard Test Method for Oxygen Gas Transmission Rate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using Various Sensors
Books and general references
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- Hawkins, William E, The Plastic Film and Foil Web Handling Guide CRC Press 2003
- Jenkins, W. A., and Osborn, K. R. Plastic Films: Technology and Packaging Applications, CRC Press 1992
- Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6