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A basic solar water heating system needs only three components: a heat collector, a storage tank and connecting pipes. Systems made in the 1970s, when homesteaders began developing the technology, were not much more complicated than this, and many of them are still in operation. Solar hot water technology has evolved, however, to become an energy-saving option in climates with freezing temperatures and limited sunlight. The components of contemporary water heating systems are accordingly more varied and sophisticated.
Many homesteaders used passive, open systems, in which the water that circulated between the collectors and the storage tank was the water they used for drinking and bathing. Passive systems aren't as efficient as those that use recirculating pumps, however, and the water in open systems is subject to freezing. Consequently, contemporary cold-weather systems are active, closed-loop ones. They circulate a fluid, such as water, glycol or methanol, between the collector and a heat exchange coil in the storage tank. When the fluid is water, they often include a mechanism for draining the water out of the collectors when the sun goes down.
A solar hot water collector can be as simple as a black tank filled with water. Such batch collectors aren't the norm, however. Flat panels are more common, and there are two main types. The first type, which is easy to construct as a DIY project, is essentially a flat, insulated, black box filled with a coil of copper or plastic tubing and covered with glass. The other appears similar from the outside, but instead of tubing, it contains a series of copper pipes encased in evacuated glass tubes. The design allows efficient heating of the fluid inside the pipes while minimizing radiative heat loss.
A conventional water heater makes a suitable storage tank for solar hot water, and it's possible to connect a home's existing water heater to an open heating loop. A tank for a closed-loop system, however, must have a pre-installed heat exchanger and ports for both the heating fluid and the water. It's usually easier to purchase a tank specifically manufactured for use in a closed-loop system than it is to convert a conventional tank. Systems that use a drain back approach, whereby water drains out of the coils at night, require a separate storage tank for that water.
The temperature of the water in a solar water heater can get as hot as the water in a conventional water heater -- or even hotter -- so the tank needs a temperature and pressure relief valve. Moreover, because water expands when it heats up, most systems also need an expansion tank. Unless the system is one in which water circulates by convection, it needs a circulating pump. Moreover, a drain back system needs a temperature sensor and pump for the heating water. The pumps and sensors typically connect to an electronic control station.
Solar water heating system is a device that helps in heating water by using the energy from the SUN. This energy is totally free. Solar energy (sun rays) is used for heating water. Water is easily heated to a temperature of 60-80o C. Solar water heater of Solar water heaters (SWHs) of 100-300 liters capacity are suited for domestic use. Larger systems can be used in restaurants, canteens, guest houses, hotels, hospitals etc. A 100 liters capacity SWH can replace an electric geyser for residential use and may save approximately 1500 units of electricity annually. The use of 1000 SWHs of 100 liters capacity each can contribute to a peak load saving of approximately 1 MW. A SWH of 100 liters capacity can prevent emission of 1.5 tones of carbon dioxide per year.
The Sun’s rays fall on the collector panel (a component of solar water heating system). A black absorbing surface (absorber) inside the collectors absorbs solar radiation and transfers the heat energy to water flowing through it. Heated water is collected in a tank which is insulated to prevent heat loss. Circulation of water from the tank through the collectors and back to the tank continues automatically due to thermo siphon system. Based on the collector system, solar water heaters can be of two types: A solar water heater consists of a collector to collect solar energy and an insulated storage tank to store hot water. The stored hot water can be used later any time.
Main components of solar water heater system are
Water heating is one of the most cost-effective uses of solar energy. Every year, several thousands of new solar water heaters are installed worldwide. Solar water heaters can be used for Homes, Community Centers, Hospitals, Nursing homes, Hotels, Restaurants, Dairy plants, Swimming Pools, Canteens, Ashrams, Hostels, Industry etc. Use of solar water heater can curtail electricity or fuel bills considerably.
Usage of solar water heater for any application where steam is produced using a boiler or steam generator can save 70-80% of electricity or fuel bills. A residence can save 70-80% on electricity or fuel bills by replacing its conventional water heater with a solar water heating system. Solar water heaters are known to have the fastest repayment of investment in 2 to 4 years depending upon use and fuel replaced.
Basically two types of solar water heater are available in the market
A black absorbing surface (absorber) inside the flat plate collectors absorbs solar radiation and transfers the energy to water flowing through it. Bureau of Indian Standards has standardized this type of solar collectors in IS 12933; 2003.
An ETC collector is made of double layer borosilicate glass tubes evacuated for providing insulation. The outer wall of the inner tube is coated with selective absorbing material. This helps absorption of solar radiation and transfers the heat to the water which flows through the inner tube. However, these types of collectors have not been standardized and are sourced from the suppliers who have been empaneled by the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy/Government of India on the basis of performance testing of sample system.
COST
Approximate cost of the solar water heating systems is as under:-
(Cost includes Cold Water Tank, Hot Water Tank, support structures, heat exchanger, electrical backup and installation and commissioning at site. Additional piping will be charged as per actual. These are only indicative costs.)
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